Diageo existed in current guise for little more than decade. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1432 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1. INTRODUCTION The organisation I have chosen to study is DIAGEO (1). The company itself is relatively young and although its parent companies have existed since 1749, Diageo has existed in its current guise for little more than a decade. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Diageo existed in current guise for little more than decade." essay for you Create order With heritage and pedigree in the food and beverage industry spanning some 250 years, the merger of United Distillers Vinters with Guinness and also Grand Metropolitan International Distillers Vintners in 1997, saw the formation of this global conglomerate recognised today as Diageo. Ever evolving, Diageo sold all food assets in 2002; a strategic move enabling them to focus on its global collection of premium drinks. Year on year, Diageo continues to deliver double digit market growth; performance not many businesses can claim in recent years due to the global economic downturn. 2. RATIONALE My rationale for choosing Diageo is that I recognised it as a large scale multi national manufacturing business, which I felt would suit this topic. Having grown up in Brora, a small village in the Scottish Highlands where a malt whisky named Clyneleish is produced, I feel as though I have a connection to Diageo, as they own the Clyneleish distillery and members of my family work there at the distillery. As Diageo are a global conglomerate, I felt that they could also provide me with sufficient information in which to investigate their business processes further. An additional benefit is that I have a family member with 22 years of experience working within a Diageo owned distillery; I felt that this may provide me with an additional opportunity to discuss the Diageo management structures, business processes, organisational objectives, environmental issues and achievements further. 3. AIMS OBJECTIVES Focussed on its staff, consumers and customers, Diageos aim is to become one of the worlds most trusted and respected companies and has a business strategy (2) of delivering sustainable organic growth through the stewardship of an outstanding range of premium drinks. The Diageo ethos is to do the right thing every day, everywhere, with a view to increasing market share, adding value, whilst meeting financial objectives. 4. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE As a publicly owned global beverage manufacturer, the Diageo brand is segregated into 4 geographic locations, with  £3 billion in revenue generated in over 180 markets. Each continental headquarter has one Director, who manages their business process and environment. Operational functions are executed by geographic regional management, each being responsible for meeting Diageo strategic objectives; responding to regional market analysis and opportunity. Within a global suprasystem, this internationalised (3), democratic and progressive organisation fully involves its staff in decision making due to the value placed on workforce knowledge and experience by management. Increasingly managed scientifically (4), Diageo operates 129 different facilities, 50+ of which are in Scotland. Global and European headquarters are based in London and more pertinently, within Scotland there are 4 main offices controlling operational assets, such as: 27 Malt distilleries 3 Grain distilleries 4 Malt-houses 7 Warehouses 4 Cooperages 3 Bottling halls 3 Packaging plants 5. ANALYSIS The illustration below demonstrates the Inwards systems approach adopted by Diageo in order to increase efficiency and reduce operating costs. This is demonstrated by use of a standardised supply chain, manufacturing and distribution procedure throughout their global network. I believe the careful management of the internal manufacturing, process standardisation, accompanied with the unique set of resources captured within Scotland has led to Diageo producing a strategic business resource and has led to them gaining a significant and competitive advantage over their business sector rivals. Diageo North America Diageo International Diageo Europe Diageo Asia Pacific Retail Operations Global Supply HRM Marketing Innovation Corporate Relations Legal Procurement Value Chain Diageo have a sophisticated value chain that links to Porters Model (5), ensuring value is added at each operational stage by forging relationships with businesses that have similar core values. Seeking mutual benefit and also to raise social standards, the Diageo Value Chain aims to create economic opportunity for other businesses involved within it and focuses on 3 key areas: Customers Diageo customers are the product distributors and retailers. Diageo creates business for customers by providing the product and by offering commercial skills and resources to enable responsible business growth, maximising customer returns. Suppliers Diageo works with approximately 20,000 suppliers. Promoting responsible relationships, Diageo examines commercial considerations and ethical issues such as labour relations, health and safety, environmental management and business integrity. Consumers Brand quality is the basis for the trust formed between the consumer and Diageo; this comes from consumer confidence in the product and is achieved through several means, such as product quality, environmental sustainability, continued staff development and the reinforcement of alcohol awareness in todays fragile society (6). PESTEL Analysis Every business organisation whether they are inwardly or outwardly focussed is subject to an inordinate amount of external pressure, on areas such as procurement, manufacturing, distribution, advertising and sales. Environmental pressure analysis is crucial to the Diageo success and the following table is a flavour of my initial interpretation of this: Political Positive Negative Positive contribution to and exertion of influence on the UK Taxation system. Global social investment programmes in countries where Diageo brands are sold. Extant global trade agreements. Excellent cultural and social awareness programmes in place. Governmental instability and change within countries where Diageo products are sold. Diageo threatens to move its global headquarters outside UK, due to taxation system. Economic Positive Negative Global value chain partnerships boosting economic growth. E.g. Recent local investment of  £86 million in Fife, Scotland creating 400 jobs at a bottling plant. Low interest rates and inflation in the UK. Global recession and economic downturn may have a negative impact on third parties with whom Diageo does business. Reduction in consumer spending levels on executive products due to recession. Potential reduction in market share due to increased sector competition. Social Positive Negative Global demographic varying brand demand. Excellent strategy for environmental and community project investment. Excellent media and alcohol awareness strategies, promoting responsibility. Possible workforce disruption due to organisation re-structuring and streamlining of plant operational processes. Reduction in general household expenditure due to global recession. Technological Positive Negative Strong re-investment strategy into production capabilities (RD). Global supply and distribution network improvement. Staff reduction due to increased operational efficiency and process management. Environmental Positive Negative Fully committed to environmental sustainment through investment in global environmental projects. Staff inclusivity, development and morale. Brand value and consumer confidence. Environmental regulation limitations, increasing production costs. Ecological restrictions. Legal Positive Negative Excellent commitment towards responsible alcohol consumption and consumer protection. Industry specific quality regulations. Extensive global regulatory requirements increase production costs and manufacturing time. 6. MEASURING SUCCESS To remain the global market leader, Diageo success can be partly attributed to its active corporate performance measurement. This can be evidenced by its re-investment strategy of committing 1% of operating profit into production capabilities, i.e. production improvement, global community and social investment projects (7). Diageo set 60 KPIs last year, measuring success by evaluation of key areas such as socio-economics, environmental sustainability and the media. As a member of several global associations, Diageo continually analyses its own value chain, competitive advantage and market share through production, sales, consumption and economic evaluation. Global media investment in advertising and promotions touches  £500 million. In Scotland alone, Diageo re-invests  £75 million into production capabilities and is responsible for the following: 20% of Scottish food beverage worldwide exports are Diageo branded Employment of 4500 staff within Scotland Sustainment of 12000 staff in other value chain companies  £400 million paid to Scottish suppliers raw materials, manufacturing production The following is an illustration of area sales year ending 30 Jun 10: Region Sales % Annual Consumption (Cases) Daily Consumption (Measures) North America 34 30 Million Whisky 12 Million white spirit (Vodka etc) 81 Million Spirits 19 Million Beer 4 Million Branded 3 Million Wine Europe 28 International 27 Asia Pacific 11 The illustration below appears to fit the Diageo mission statement of doing the right thing and positively influencing environments and societies around the world. Ultimately, measurement of success within the manufacturing/retail sector lies within operating profit; however examination of the bigger picture leads me to believe that the global consumer and the society in which they live measure the success of this company. The uniqueness of the Scottish Whisky industry, the staff and their invaluable experience lie at the heart of Diageo, hence its market strength and double digit year on year growth. 7. CONCLUSION As a global conglomerate, Diageo is a market leader not just in terms of vision and values; but with strategies across many different areas, such as brand heritage and quality, environmental awareness, global supply, social development and many more; the competitive advantage is plain to see. Regardless of the number of awards (8) Diageo wins the global consumer endorses my belief that they are the Worlds best beverage manufacturer.

The Motorcycle Diaries, Natural Lighting And Quick Camera...

In The Motorcycle Diaries, natural lighting and quick camera movements are consistent layers in the filming technique used. To evoke a greater sense of importance in certain scenes, directional lighting is used. An important and foreshadowing scene in the film, the ferry from Pucallpa, Peru to the leper colony shows the division of wealth through soft natural lighting and the use of shadows. This particular scene uses an important element of mise-en-scene, lighting, to create a powerful, suggestive introduction to the culmination of their voyage. The 1-minute sequence is free of dialogue, but conveys necessary information through subliminal filming techniques. The scene begins with a wide, overhead crane landscape shot that encapsulates town they’re leaving in a shadow, while the ferry is surrounded by bright, natural light, heading towards the unknown. This particular shadowing may infer they’re leaving the past behind, while the engulfing bright light may indicate a p ositive future in their travels. The next shot is a lower side shot that shows the expansive river and the ferry with a small-unidentified boat trailing behind. This scene is void of any structures other than the forest behind the two boats. Slowly, the boats move down the river with beautiful, soft side lighting from the natural sunset. The use of this lighting induces a personal connection with the ferry and its respective travels. Different from a typical Hollywood scene, the side lighting allows forShow MoreRelatedDieting Makes People Fat Essay19490 Words   |  78 PagesYOUR FAVORITE DRINK? I love to drink strawberry yogurt smoothie about 2-3 times per week. 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Jp Morgan Chase and Company Free Essays

string(96) " was able to capitalize on the \$1 billion investment of BankOne in its own information system\." In 2002, JP Morgan signed a seven-year outsourcing arrangement with IBM, worth 5 billion dollars. This deal included data centres, help desks, distributed computing, and data and voice networks. JP Morgan viewed this agreement with IBM as a competitive advantage that would serve as a platform for efficient growth and innovation. We will write a custom essay sample on Jp Morgan Chase and Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was an attempt to further enhance the performance of the company, while reducing their costs. However, two years later, JP Morgan announced the premature ending of their contract. JP Morgan ended the outsourcing deal with IBM, claiming that it caused technological stagnation in their operations. Apparently, IBM refused to take on tasks without additional charge, particularly necessary improvements to the system. This structure lengthened certain procedures, and as result, projects sat idle and processes were stalled. Another reason behind the deal cancellation was internal organizational changes. JP Morgan merged with Bank One, which has cancelled a similar deal with IBM a few years earlier. With the combined resources and technology of the banks, management reassessed its capability of managing its core information systems, and realized that the IBM deal was no longer necessary. JP Morgan Chase and Co. wanted to leverage on the assets it acquired from Bank One, including a $500 million investment in data centers. Also, ending the deal would mean saving the margins paid on hardware and software purchased through IBM, as the size of the newly merged bank would enable it to negotiate better bargains with suppliers – JP Morgan Chase and Co. , after that time, emerged as the second largest financial conglomerate next to Citigroup. Analysts believed that the primary catalyst for the back sourcing was the change in leadership. Many of the key officers of Bank One took over JP Morgan Chase and Co. by holding the same positions that they had in the former. Some of these were CEO James Dimon and CIO Adam Austin. As emphasized by Austin, the new management wanted to have greater involvement in every aspect of their business, and IT is an important part of it. In fact, Dimon, being in the industry for years, had made a reputation of investing in internal strategies, which explains why experts were not really surprised by the premature death of the IBM contract. ANALYSIS AND CRITIQUE Given the different scenarios that happened, it is necessary to focus on the impact of the outsourcing and backsourcing deals of the company, and deducing which arrangement is better for the company. The Impact of Outsourcing JP Morgan Chase’s contract with IBM is said to be one of the largest outsourcing deal on record. However, this 5 billion-worth of contract was only in its second year when JP Morgan opted to end its supposed-to-be-7-years relationship with IBM. Apparently, the outsourcing deal hugely affected the operations of the company. First of all, outsourcing had a negative impact on the effectiveness on some key processes of the bank. Things that used to get done no longer got done. In just a short span of time, instead of improving the company’s productivity, the outsourcing deal had caused so much delay. Among the projects not getting done were server migrations, data center upgrades, and network patches. Corollary to that, even in office supply procurement, there were also delays. It even reached the point where project managers had to go and buy their own reams of paper. Secondly, there were vague contract details in the agreement between JP Morgan and IBM. As a result, whenever there is a need to make improvements and updates, IBM had to charge extra fees to the bank. Thus, every additional improvement in the system entailed additional costs. Because of the bank’s resistance to pay for extra but often necessary improvements, JP Morgan’s innovation and efficiency in its information technology was compromised. Thirdly, to implement the outsourcing deal, JP Morgan had to lay off 4000 employees, which lead to a drop in employee morale. With the loss of job security, employees lost their trust in management. Employees refused to commit to any project, and started to slack off. As a result, a lot of work were not getting done, which led to a decrease in the productivity of the company. The Impact of Backsourcing In the light of the shortcomings of the outsourcing deal and the implications of the merger with Bank One, JP Morgan opted to backsource. Bringing their IT back in-house also had huge effects in the company. Firstly, employee morale remained low. Many were resentful that the reasons why management outsourced- i. e. o gain competitive advantage, to improve efficiency, and to accelerate innovation- were also the reasons why they backsourced. As a result, they lost trust in the honesty and soundness of management’s judgment. Job security was still an issue, as more layoffs occurred, not only because of the backsourcing arrangement, but also because of the merger of the two banks. Some employees reapplied for their jobs, but were paid with less than 20% of their original salaries. With such a low morale, productivity in the company dropped, employees were reluctant to commit to projects, and more work piled up. Secondly, the company spent twice the cost of reorganization: that is, they had a huge capital outlay to support an outsourcing deal, then incurred another set of expenditures to reverse those actions and set up a backsourced environment. Outsourcing costs incurred by JP Morgan are mainly due to the huge consultation fees for process reengineering. They also invested in counselling and retention bonuses to retain the employees through the transition period. As JP Morgan backsourced IT, they incurred huge losses for prematurely ending the contract. Moreover, the changes made in outsourcing were done all over again in reverse. With that, they had to spend twice for the costs of reorganization. They had to re establish all their systems, staffs, operating procedures, organizational structure, and corporate strategies. Fortunately, JP Morgan was able to capitalize on the $1 billion investment of BankOne in its own information system. You read "Jp Morgan Chase and Company" in category "Papers" Finally, in moving from an outsourcing deal to a backsourced environment, JP Morgan had to deal with organizational disruption. Management had to reengineer their processes and make huge readjustments in their systems and operations. Organizational responsibilities were redefined, and management completely reversed how things were done. Outsourcing Vs Backsourcing When JP Morgan prematurely ended their contract with IBM, the CEO said, â€Å"We believe managing our own technology infrastructure is best for the long-term growth and success of our company, as well as our shareholders. Our new capabilities will give us competitive advantages, accelerate innovation, and enable us to become more streamlined and efficient. † However, these were the same reasons that management gave when they entered the outsourcing deal. So the question is: which would provide greater benefits for the company – outsourced operations, or a backsourced environment? The main reason why companies outsource is to be able to focus on their core activities. Many businesses have generic functions such as phone reception and customer service. When these generic functions are outsourced, companies may focus on their key processes. Outsourcing would also lead to efficiency and cost savings, as overhead expenditure are reduced. Outsourcing can also provide operational control as poorly managed functions are provided by companies like IBM who are better in these areas. However, according to the studies of Deloitte Consulting, 70 percent of companies that outsource report significant negative experiences with their outsourcing projects. Apparently, outsourcing has a number of limitations and weaknesses. The most common issue is the loss of control when the management of certain functions is turned over to another company. The outsourcing company may lose the ability to adapt to a rapidly changing environment. Additionally, the quality of the service provided may not meet expectations, because the service provider is not driven by the same standards as its outsourcer. Service providers simply aim to meet the conditions of the contract, and not necessarily strive to provide the needs of the outsourcing company. Consequently, outsourcers incur more costs as they modify the terms of the contract, or as they settle for an inadequate system. With the said problems of outsourcing, companies may resort to backsourcing their operations. Nonetheless, in the aforementioned study by Deloitte Consulting, only 25 percent of the companies that had problems with outsourcing brought IT back in-house. The difficulty in backsourcing can be traced to the high costs of reorganization and the organizational disruption during the transition period. However there are a numerous benefits of having an in-house system. Firstly, management would have complete control in their operations. This leads to greater flexibility, since changes in operations could be implemented more easily. Secondly, management could also control the quality of the operational functions of the company, by setting their standards of performance in their workforce. Finally, they would be able to avoid the need for ongoing renegotiations and the high recurring costs of modifications. The decision whether to outsource or insource should mainly depend on the processes of a company. Organizations may outsource processes that do not fall under their main competencies, or non-core processes that consumes much of their resources. This would save them time, effort, and manpower, while enabling management to focus on the company’s strengths and core operations. On the other hand, it may be more advantageous to insource specialized processes that are impractical to outsource like Research and Development. Moreover, as in the case of JP Morgan, it is better to insource because the company can actually provide better services at lower costs in-house, with the facilities of the acquired bank – Bank One – readily available for JP Morgan’s use. PHILIPPINE SETTING A similar case in the Philippines is the agreement between Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) and International Business Machines (IBM). In 2004, GSIS began migrating to a new computerized system, with an IBM DB2 software designed to manage all data pertaining to members’ and pensioners accounts. GSIS claimed that it spent around P40 million for the DB2 software and IBM P-series servers. Unfortunately, in March and April 2009, the database software encountered a problem with the pension firm’s Integrated Loans, Membership, Acquired Assets and Accounts Management System (ILMAAAMS). The ILMAAAMS, which ran on IBM’s DB2 database software, reportedly crashed because of the vast amount of transactions made by GSIS members, composed of about 1. 5 million government employees and 200,000 pensioners. This translates to about 3 million records on file coming from 8,000 agencies nationwide, simultaneously. According to GSIS, about 90% of its operations were adversely affected by the crash, which resulted to approximately Php5 billion in actual damages. The company blamed IBM for the disruptions, accusing the latter of supplying defective database software. GSIS filed a Php100 million legal case against IBM Philippines, who in turn filed a Php200 million libel suit against the GSIS for its series of negative advertisements against them, both in print and broadcast media. In November 2009, GSIS started migrating to the HP – Oracle System and was able to complete the process in just six weeks. At present, the legal war between GSIS and IBM continues. Recommendations: Outsourcing is a double edge sword. It could either benefit a company or it can also cost that company a lot. Thus, many things need to be considered in choosing between outsourcing and the more traditional in-sourcing. Therefore, the situation of JP Morgan Chase and Co. could have gone on a better way if they just prepared and improved on certain aspects as follows: The negotiations with IBM should have contained certain terms which could possibly mitigate the risks involved in their contract. First, the contract negotiations should have had clarified the terms and limitations of both parties. Having clearer terms and limitations will help both parties adjust to different situations and formulate the right solutions to the problems that may arise. There should also be better preparation, a set plan of action and a ready exit strategy. Also, JP Morgan Chase and Co. should have asked for flexibility in the technology, the outsourcing partner uses. They should have specified that the process or technology should fit or, at the very least, work hand in hand with the business’s existing processes. There should also be a stipulation regarding review points to allow the relationship to change or end. JP Morgan Chase and Co. should consider that contracts have shared elements of both risk and reward. Greater risks entail more rewards precisely why JP Morgan should strike a balance between these two. It should perform different analysis tools in order to weigh alternatives more accurately. This, in turn, will help the company decide what projects to perform and which deals to enter. For example in the case of JP Morgan, short-term outsourcing contracts benefit the company better than long-term contracts. In some cases, it could be a good mix of short-term and long-term contracts as determined by the nature of the contract that will provide the best rewards for the company. Essentially, it is a matter of being able to correctly judge and weigh alternatives that will yield the best results. ————————————————- Finally, the company should learn how to value its most important asset, the people. It should have been more honest and open with the employees about matters affecting the situation and condition of the company. Being the most important asset of the company, human capital or employees should have been more involved in instances like this. As a summary, the following are the key points to be remembered from the JP Morgan and Chase experience: 1. For financial intermediaries in particular, outsourcing is not recommended. Outsourcing was a trend for many industries, especially in late 80’s until the early 90’s. This provides organizations the chance to concentrate on their core competencies by having their IT functions off shored. Much of the stories with regard to this business trend were written on the earlier years of the deal, stories on the implementation years however, remain scarce. A company has to consider how it will ultimately affect its operations before jumping in the outsourcing bandwagon. Financial intermediaries in particular would be better off without outsourcing as the latter adversely affects performance of the company, particularly its capability to innovate and be efficient which takes a toll on the totality of the organization’s performance. 2. Backsourcing is not for everyone. In a company where the latest data are the most crucial, it is recommended for them to keep their IT functions in house, especially in the case of JPMC where they had all necessary infrastructures ready for their IT functions. Departmental functions once outsource will incur twice the expenses if brought back once again to the company. Backsourcing is not a one size fits all solution rather it depends on the company’s available resources that determines its capability to bring in the IT functions again. 3. Negotiate shorter deals Shorter deals promote flexibility which proves to be the most important factor missing in the JPMC situation. Albeit more expensive, this provides companies less expensive solutions and exit strategies in case deals go awry. 4. Always remember the value of employees The outsourcing and insourcing juggle brought down the morale of many of the employees. What the company failed to see was the fact that this constituted much of the intangible costs incurred. 5. Remember to weigh alternatives carefully. Organizations often overlook or ignore the relationship between cost and quality of service. The relationship is a simple one. If you want to differentiate your IT service, provide the highest quality service and the highest quality products, it generally costs more. If the decision is IT costs too much, it is relatively straightforward to reduce IT costs, but commensurately you also reduce service. † (Hirschiem, 1998) Higher expectations, particularly in IT lead to higher costs. More than just following the current trends in the industry, determining what to do with departmental functions involve planning and weighing alternatives carefully. How to cite Jp Morgan Chase and Company, Papers

Memo CPA Firm

Question: Memo 1 Mr. Howe, a Junior Partner of the CPA firm Dewey, Cheatem Howe, has asserted that the business of business is business and that Corporations exist to maximize profits. Required: Discuss whether this assertion is a reasonable way to manage corporations, discuss any viable alternatives, and come to a conclusion. Answer: To: Mr. Howe, a Junior Partner of the CPA firm Dewey, Cheatem Howe From: A Date: January 24, 2015 Re: can an investor beta the market with the help of the stock valuation model or the efficient market hypothesis Context line: Beating the market Action: Yes, the market can be beat Everyone wants to earn some extra cash today and one of the easiest ways to do the same is by investing in the stock market. But it is not easy for each and every one to earn money by investing in the stock market. An investor has to play by the rules of the foreign exchange markets. An investor has to apply himself solely so that he can think out of the box and pick up of the right stocks that can help him in achieving his objective. The market today has become inefficient. This merely means that the studies have become stronger and have gained a momentum. The concepts like the market hypothesis through the use of the computers have offered much help. (Economist, 2015) (Simple dollar, 2015) (WSJ, 2015) The beta is the way of measuring the stock. When an investor studies this, he gains an insight into the way in which the stock moves and the reasons due to which the stock move the way in which it does. When an investor gains an insight into the movement of the stock, he can compare the markets using the market index and earn in the long run. (Money Zine, 2015) References: Money-zine.com, (2015). Stock Beta and Volatility. [Online] Available at: https://www.money-zine.com/investing/stocks/stock-beta-and-volatility/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. The Economist, (2015). The Economist - World News, Politics, Economics, Business Finance. [Online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/ [Accessed 24 Jan. 2015]. Hulbert, M. (2013). Man vs. Machine: The Great Stock Showdown. WSJ. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324059704578471154109438438 The Simple Dollar, (2011). How Can I Beat the Stock Market? - The Simple Dollar. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from https://www.thesimpledollar.com/can-individual-investors-beat-the-stock-market/

You Cant Have Everything, Where Would You Put It Hoarders free essay sample

You cant have everything, where would you put it? Hoarders Imagine you wake to find that your house is on fire. Most people can name the few possessions that are near and dear to their hearts that they would grab immediately before exiting their burning home. Imagine feeling that strongly about each and every single thing you possess, and now imagine that your home is so full of possessions that all that stuff actually prohibits you exiting in a safe and timely manner during any emergency situation, including a fire. Compulsive Hoarding Syndrome affects approximately 1. to 2 million people in the United States. It is hard to prepare the numbers of hoarders for statistics because of the debilitating shame the people who suffer from this mental illness feel, therefore, many are not even counted. It is also hard because there is not a consistent definition of Hoarding or Compulsive Hoarding Syndrome. We will write a custom essay sample on You Cant Have Everything, Where Would You Put It? Hoarders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The term is used to describe a broad spectrum of behavioral abnormalities. The most commonly accepted definition is a person who acquires and fails to discard enormous amounts of possessions that are useless or of very ittle value to most people, the clutter imposes such an inconvenience that normal uses of most rooms are not able to be used for the designated purpose and the clutter causes much distress and limited functioning of the person with the syndrome. I wish to define the different types of hoarding, expose the dangers of hoarding, and explain some treatment options. According to the Journal of Anxiety Disorders, â€Å"little is known about onset and course of compulsive hoarding† (Grisham). There are several common types of hoarding. One is known as the frugal mentality hoarder who thinks that nothing should be wasted, my very own grandmother is one of this type. Next is the scarcity mentality hoarder who thinks only of if the depression returns (referring to the Great Depression of the late 1920s). Another is the frozen indecision hoarder who finds no decision easy. Ordinary hoarders possess primarily objects. Animal hoarders possess more animals that they are equipped to care for in their home, in some extreme cases it involves over 300 animals. Trash hoarders, also alled Syllogomania, possess things that most of think of as trash. There are many dangers created by compulsive hoarding disorder. One is the health hazards created by all the items in the home that can create an infestation of many types of bugs or even mold due to the lack of being able to properly clean around and under the mountains of possessions that are in the home. Some hoarders have been forced to live in a tent in their yard to escape the infestation of bed bugs that are impossible to properly exterminate in their cluttered home. Social Services have removed families from their homes due to mold growing amongst their many possessions. Injury is another common hazard in the home of a Hoarder. Injuries have been sustained from tripping and falling over the mounds of clutter. People have even been crushed to their death from so many items being stacked to the ceiling that unexpectedly fall crushing them to the point that they are unable to break free to call for help. Finally, the isolation that people who hoard usually suffer from creates a hazard to addressing more serious roblems like depression, suicidal thoughts, or even something as simple as a leaky gas line not being properly fixed due to the shame of letting a repairman in the house to fix it. Just like the common cold, there is no cure for compulsive hoarding. Although compulsive hoarding accompanies OCD in approxamately 25% to 40% of individuals diagnosed â€Å"Traditional treatments for OCD have not proven to be effective with compulsive hoarders† ( Saxena). Treatment includes â€Å"Intensive multimodal treatment found effective in pilot studies following a course of up to one year† (Saxena). This treatment focused on discarding, organizing, preventing incoming clutter and introducing alternative behaviors. Compulsive hoarding is a dangerous, devastating disorder that is not well understood, lacks a consistent definition, has incomplete statistics and is difficult to treat. Works Cited Grisham, J. R. , R. O. Frost, G. Steketee, H. Kim, S. Hood. (2006). Age of Onset of Compulsive Hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 675-686. Saxena, Sanjaya and Karron M. Maidment. (2004). Treatment of Compulsive Hoarding. JCLP/In Session, 60,(11), 1143-1154.

Post-Colonial Literature for Children Essays

Post-Colonial Literature for Children Essays Post-Colonial Literature for Children Essay Post-Colonial Literature for Children Essay Essay Topic: Literature As members of the culture that has colonised Aboriginal Australia, how can European Australian writers possibly represent Aboriginal experience and perspectives? Through a discussion of 3 key texts outline what you consider are important issues for making these judgements. Australian Literature has come a long way since the arrival of European settlers in 1788. As a nation, we have become a nation in our own right with an identity separate from the British Empire (Huggan, 2007). It is only in the last few decades however, that Aboriginality in a postcolonial context has become prevalent in our literature (Bradford, 2001 and Huggan, 2007). In recent times an issue has arisen: who exactly has the right to tell these stories. In this essay I will be exploring the important issues to consider when making these judgements. I will be referring to the following texts: Deadly Unna? by Phillip Gwynne, Children of Mirrabooka by Judith Arthy and My Girragundji by Meme McDonald and Boori Pryor. I will also make references to other texts where appropriate. Before judgements can be made about who should write Indigenous stories, we need to work out whom the story actually belongs to. There are those stories that are personal biographies that celebrate the indigenous culture through first hand knowledge for example, My Girragundji. Then there are those stories that are set in a wider context, that have indigenous themes as part of the plot for example Deadly Unna? The difference between the two is crucial when making judgments over the custodianship of the literature. The former is a work of fiction. However, it is certainly a personal account of the life of author and Indigenous Australian Boori Pryor (Scan, 2000 Scutter 2001). There is no question here about Pryor being entitled to tell this story after all it is his. Deadly Unna is also in some respects, an autobiography. It belongs to Phillip Gwynne (Ridge, 2000 French, 2002). It tells the story of Blacky, a young boy growing up in a small country town. There are Aboriginal themes, although they tend to be based on perspectives from Blackys narrative point of view rather than assumptions made about the cultural of indigenous people. With reference to the Aboriginal boys on the football team Blacky makes statements such as Its like theyre playing a different game with completely different rules (Gwynne, 1998, p. 5). This shows he is merely noting differences in the two cultures. So, it can be said, that although Australian European authors are known to write about indigenous matters, they can, in certain situations have as much right to tell the story as their indigenous counterparts provided they write with sensitivity to indigenous cultural practices (Clancy, 1997). This being said, when a European author wishes to take on subject matter as sensitive as indigenous issues, things need to be considered regardless of who the story belongs to. Some might argue that it is an authors job to get inside the characters they are writing about. John Marsden for example, writes many of his stories from the perspective of young female characters (Prain, 1997). The same could be said about a white author writing about a black character in the first person. The difference, in my opinion, is the sensitivity of the issue. As a woman, I am not offended by the writing of Marsden in fact I generally relate easily to his methods of story telling, but it has been clear, that the same cannot be said for the writing on the behalf of Aborigines by European Australian authors. Take for example this statement made by Aboriginal writer Ruby Langford (Clancy, 1997) in Old neighbours New Visions (1997, p. 52) Aboriginal people are sick of the bullshit of non-aboriginal people attempting to define and identify the origins of Aborigines. This statement suggests that there are frustrations within the indigenous community, with non-aboriginal people speaking on the behalf of Aboriginal people. To confront the issue of custodianship, authors such as Gwynne chose not to write in the first person from an Aboriginal perspective. Bradford explains in Wielding a black Pen, that it is generally the more culturally experienced authors and those more aware of indigenous issues, that often take the most ethical approaches to representation while others are more foolhardy (2002). Pat Lowe, an author who has done extensive work and research into the Walmajarri culture, says I cant get in the mind of an Aboriginal person (Bradford, 2002 p. 21). This is an important point to look at when making judgements about the telling of a particular story. She tells her stories from a white persons perspective rather than attempting to understand something she believes is out of her ability to comprehend. Gwynne also resembles this attitude in his writing of deadly Unna? This can be seen in Blackys narrative explanation of his Aboriginal mate Dumby. For example: Nukkin ya is Nunga talk for see ya' (Gwynne, 1998, p. 25). This is a cultural observation made by Blacky. Dialogue such as this reflects Gwynnes stance of telling the story from the white perspective rather than make possibly inaccurate assumptions from the point of view of a black character. Not all non-Aboriginal authors writing Aboriginal themed stories take this stance. Take for example Diana Kidd. Kidd is a white author that choses to write in the first person from the Aboriginal perspective. In her book The Fat and Juicy Place, Kidd delves quite deeply into the character of a young Aboriginal child. The use of language is the most identifying feature of this story. For example: Me and Fleabag had a deadly time hunting in the Fat and Juicy Place. We saw this real giant goanna (Kidd, 1992, p. 54). This is culturally identifiable language and poses the question: What gives Kidd the right to take this first person stance? Like with My Girragundji, as I will explain in more detail further on, there is an extensive list of external involvement in the making of the story take for instance the endorsement of the New South Wales Aboriginal Education Consultative Group (Kidd, 1992). This is what helps give Kidd her credibility and integrity as a white author writing from the perspective of Aboriginal characters. According to Linda Burney who is an Aboriginal educator (Clancy, 1997) it can be okay for non-aboriginal authors to tell the stories of Aborigines as long as authors and publishers become more attuned to Aboriginal involvement in the production of the material (Clancy, 1997, p. 39). Lets now look at My Girragundji. The story belongs (at least in an autobiographical sense) to Boori Pryor who is an Aboriginal man. His wife, Meme McDonald is white and worked with Pryor to write this book. It can be seen when reading the long list of acknowledgments in the book, that there were many stories and many people involved in its production. The thanks Pryor and McDonald give to Joe and grace for inspiring My Girragundji also to the Pryor family for so many memories (1997, p. 81) shows this. It is clear from these expressions of thanks and approval that great cultural sensitivity was taken to complete the book. The fact that Pryor deems it as integral to gain approval from his family highlights just how important it is for authors to understand what it is they are writing about on a deep level. Sometimes despite their best intentions, authors struggle to shake the constraints imbedded in them by the colonial power. This can work as a negative in terms of their ability to capture the postcolonial context from the indigenous perspective. I will look now, at Children of Mirrabooka. It is generally safe to say that Judith Arthy is writing in the postcolonial context. After all, the themes in the story relate to issues such land rights and the stolen generation and the stance is pro Aboriginal. When one looks deeper at the story however, there are traces of an in ground loyalty to the colonial power. For example, it could be said that Arthy places the Aborigines in an inferior position that are in need of being saved by Jenny the white girl. It was her role to unravel the mystery surrounding the rock pool (Arthy, 1997, p. 105). This is reflective of the general plight of Aborigines in our country for the past two hundred years (Bradford, 2001 McLaren, 1996). Throughout the novel, the truth of the ghost children at the rock pool is discovered and the children are left in peace all thanks to Jenny. In spite of all the themes relating to land rights Jenny is the one that ends up owning Mirrabooka Mirrabooka was mine. All mine (Arthy, 1997, p. 166-167). This Euro centric attitude towards ownership is contrary to the Aboriginal attitude of belonging to the land. This evidence suggests that despite the best intentions of authors, it is difficult to be completely post colonial when writing stories such as these. It is important for non-Aboriginal authors to be aware of issues such as this. Stories like Children of Mirrabooka although it is unintended, dont always reflect the postcolonial theory of emphasizing their differences from the assumptions of the imperial power (Ashcroft, Griffiths Tiffin, 1989, p. 1). Our culture is born from the British Empire; therefore we cannot ignore the stronghold it has on our postcolonial context. This leads me to my next point. We live in a country where Aborigines and European Australians (not to mention immigrants from all over the world) must live together and work towards reconciliation and cultural understanding. Childrens Literature has an important role to play in this issue. As Saxby explains in Images of Australia (2002) it has been argued strongly in recent years that Childrens Literature places readers in a position where they are forced to form a particular world-view. It is for this reason that it is important to teach the new generation the importance of cultural understanding and identity so we can move one step closer to reconciliation. For this knowledge to be developed in Childrens Literature, it is important for non-Aboriginal as well as Aboriginal perspectives to be told. The two are often very different in terms of their political points of view but they both can offer much in terms of their purpose. Take for example The Rabbits by John Marsden. I could go into a critical analysis of the book as a postcolonial text, but that would take another essay entirely. These books raise discussion about topical issues and this is how children learn. Stories told from the Aboriginal perspective are often about the land, and relationships with the land and each other. They dont tend to be politically loaded like the European contexts. They are generally a celebration of indigenous life and culture rather than an attack on white people. In fact, often there is little mention of white people at all not as a point for discussion at least. An example is in My Girragundji where there are virtually no references to white people at all. The story revolves around a boy and his Girragundji who he shares his problems with our spirits always together you are strong no matter what (McDonald and Pryor, 1998, p. 70). It is important to acknowledge the western and indigenous cultures at play in My Girragundji. There are two authors Meme McDonald and Boori Pryor, non-Aboriginal and Aboriginal consecutively. Using the European literary skills of McDonald and the oral story telling traditions (Van Toorn, 2006) of Pryor (Scan, 2000), the two work together to come up with a successful combination that displays cultural sensitivity as well as diversity. This is an example of how different cultural perspectives can combine to reflect the hybrid lifestyle of many Aboriginal people. Wharton and Pryor refer to this hybrid upbringing in Scutters article Writing the Childhood Self (2001). We require both of these perspectives in childrens literature so that reconciliation between both cultures can manifest (Clancy, 1997, p. 52). It is clear that this issue is an extensive one. Each portion of this essay could have a lengthy analysis of its content. What I have done though, is to point out some of the main issues that non-Aboriginal authors face when taking on the task of conveying Aboriginal stories, points of view and themes. Questions I have touched on ask: Is the story solely an Indigenous one? From whose perspective is the story being told? Is the author unintentionally upholding colonial attitudes in the text? Has there been sufficient Aboriginal involvement in the story? Finally, I looked at the importance of this literature in terms of its role in society and highlighted the fact that both the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal can be heard with potentially equal merit.

Pressure groups in U.K. and U.S. politics Essay

Pressure groups in U.K. and U.S. politics - Essay Example Pressure groups are essential part of democratic process - they provide a real possibility to influence governmental decisions and transform public views into actions which often assert government to change its policy, but there are also essential lacks: the groups often defend their interests ignoring other sections of population and making misbalance in governmental policy. Pressure groups activity is widely developed in such democratic states as the United States and the United Kingdom. There are differences and similarities of pressure groups activity features in these countries, and the aim of this paper is to analyze and compare the roles played by pressure groups in U.K. and U.S. politics. The paper will be referred to common trends of U.K. and U.S. pressure groups development, as well as specific organizations and their activities in the both countries. 2. The main difference between U.K. and U.S. pressure groups activities is that there are more such groups in the United States than in the United Kingdom. ... So, pressure groups features in Great Britain are determined by its political system. One more feature of U.K. pressure groups activity is that groups and parties in Great Britain cannot influence governmental policy so much as in the United States because of partial secretiveness of the British political system, and the range of pressure groups is not so widely presented as in the USA with their constitutional and more democratic traditions. Some of the most powerful British sectional pressure groups (groups which present interests of some sections of the population) are the National Union of Teachers, Trades Union Congress, the Confederation of British Industry, the Nation Farmer's Union and some others. There are also promotional pressure groups in U.K. politics. These groups are fighting for real aims, and they can consist as well of small amount of members as great amount. The examples of such groups are Liberty and Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), but their influence on British political parties and governmental decisions is limited unlike such groups in U.S. political life. One of the reasons of this situation is that the British government is not so fragmented and decentralized as that of the United States where the policy of federalism is prevailed. So, "in the early 1980s over 250,000 supporters of CND marched in London on several occasions. Despite this show of popular support, CND failed to influence the government's defense policy" (What are promotional pressure groups). As was mentioned before, pressure groups in the political process of the United Kingdom provide wide developing of democratic processes and allow public opinion to be heard. Political parties in Great Britain cannot represent the

Environmental Issues in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Issues in Canada - Essay Example The essay "Environmental Issues in Canada" focuses on the environmental problems that exist in Canada. A comprehensive analysis of some of the most predominant problems in Canada are provided in this paper. For example, the ozone layer is depleting every day because of the poisonous gases released into the atmosphere. Sooner or later the ozone layer is going to split wide open and the human beings and the animals will be affected largely because of this. Skin cancer will become very common in human beings and this will also have other serious repercussions on human beings. The levels of acid rain are unprecedentedly high in Canada and this is because of the pollution. â€Å"On Feb. 2, 2007, the United Nations scientific panel studying climate change declared that the evidence of a warming trend is "unequivocal," and that human activity has "very likely" been the driving force in that change over the last 50 years. The last report by the group, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in 2001, had found that humanity had "likely" played a role.† Global Warming, Acid Rain and the depletion of the ozone layer will heavily affect the life of human beings; the depletion of the ozone layer will make human beings more vulnerable to skin cancer. The flora and fauna will inevitably get affected because of all the above concerns. Acid rain is acidic in nature and any rain which consists of unusual amounts of acid can be called as acidic rain. The main cause of acidic rain is the emission of nitrogen and sulfur.

Reflection Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Reflection Paper - Assignment Example Corruption has lead to the failure of democracy and good governance in the states that have been hit by this catastrophic. For example in Zimbabwe citizens just hear the word democracy but they haven’t yet experienced it. President Mugabe has used his political power to influence the election so as to favor him to continue be the president. This is an infringement to the rights of the voting citizens who are forced now to be led by a person they haven’t chosen. Since corruption influenced the electioneering process, definitely the governance will not be to the standard. This is because the president has to do a favor to those who supported his candidature and helped in rigging. According to (Fraser, 2007) this favors comes in form of appointment of public offices. The efficiency in the government to dispense service now become a tall order, since the one appointed is chasing his objective of gathering more wealth from the public. It has been noted that most cash got from illegal activities are not banked in the local banks but rather they are moved to other foreign banks. For instance in Nigeria between 1960 to 1999 their leaders had swiss bank accounts and within that period more than $400 had been moved from national treasury without being accounted for (Fraser, 2007). This clearly shows that the leaders have no interest of the people whom they serve. That large amount of fund being moved in an economy creates a financial deficit leads to inflation. Industrialization has brought with it benefits and tragedy too. The problem comes in with management of the waste products. Most companies in Africa receive political backing maybe because they financed the election campaign of the leader who is current in office. The company will use that on their advantage to fail to manage its waste products at the expense of citizens simply because a certain leader will protect them through thick and thin politically. This has

Medea, by Euripides: Betrayal and Loyalty

Medea, by Euripides: Betrayal and Loyalty Throughout Greek dramas there is always an underlying message of opposing values. This message allows the audience to learn about human nature, and life lessons. The play Medea, by Euripides, is no exception to this overall pattern in Greek dramas. The play exhibits the conflict between the opposing values betrayal and loyalty through characters and their shifting sympathies. Euripides seems to value loyalty over betrayal through his demonstrations of the dangers of one who lets their emotions take over reason in his tragedy Medea. He shows this through elucidation of secondary characters, a vivid pathos, and clear logos. The play uses pathos, or emotional appeal, to emphasize the importance of loyalty. Medea, in the beginning of the play, was suffering, because Jason did not have the loyalty to stay with her, so the people felt sympathy towards her. Her emotional state was caused by how important loyalty was to her, and now she is completely broken psychologically, Oh I wish That lightning from heaven would split my head open (6). That quote reflects how she is truly feeling, hopeless. Emotionally, Medea brings up the fact that she betrayed her country, her father, and killed her own brother to how emotionally connected she is with her loyalty to Jason, Oh, my father! Oh, my country! In what dishonor I left you, killing my own brother for it (6). From that quote, Medea does not use any words of retribution, which has given her enough emotional appeal that the chorus truly believes that she is the victim of the situation. Logos, or logical appeal, is used in the play to show that Medeas acts of violence were centered more on revenge rather than the prosperity of her children. Medea has had numerous opportunities to obtain a secure lifestyle for herself and her children. Medea is faced with an opportunity to make her and her childrens life better from Jason, and she turns him down saying she doesnt want his pity, I shall never accept favorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Nor take a thing from youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ There is no benefit in the gifts of a bad man (20). Jason was making a logical argument, but Medea lets her emotions cloud her judgment and refuses Jasons offering, But you refuse what is good for youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ You are sure to suffer for it (20). This is showing that Medea is more focused on betraying Jason than her childrens well being, because Jason had offered a logical argument that would have benefited her. If she had accepted Jasons offer, her children would have had some kind of support when they go t into exile. Furthermore, if Jason had been able to marry again, her children would have been considered royalty and would have had a claim for the throne. Medeas avaricious hunger for revenge eventually brings her to slaughter her children. She kills them out of her own benefit not their own, because she is blinded by her own emotions, I know indeed what evil I intend to do, But stronger than all my afterthoughts is my fury, Fury that brings upon mortals the greatest evils (35). That quote reveals her true desires when she is on stage alone. The logical argument here comes from the chorus whose position is that there is no reason good enough for her to slaughter her own children. The chorus eventually had to beg the Gods for Medea to stop and have her reconsider logically about her decision to murder her children, O heavenly light, hold her hand, Check her, and drive from out the house The bloody Fury raised by fiends of Hell (41). That quote shows that Medea has truly gone mad in that she has thrown away all of her sense of reasoning, and is focused entirely on getting revenge. Through logos, Euripides shifts the audiences sympathies from Medea to the victims of her plans. This shows that Loyalty is being emphasized more, because of Jasons offering of help, and the chorus plea to help the children. Some would argue that Euripides makes a strong case for the dangers of betrayal, and that there is not a case for loyalty. They may claim that Medea killed her children because she wanted to betray Jason. Another claim would be that the chorus betrayed Medea because she was going to kill her children. Though, that argument fails when the audience looks at the emotional and logical claims presented by the chorus and Jason. Despite the arguments the Jason presented were callous and anti feminist, the truth is that they support the value of loyalty. Jason believes that Medeas suffering was caused by her own hand, and that if she had been loyal and less emotional the whole epidemic could have been averted. An example would be Medeas exile, which was caused by her cursing the royal family, and thirst for revenge and betrayal, You called down wicked curses on the Kings family (20). Another example would be the death of the princess, which was justified by the chorus whose still loyal to Me dea, Heaven, it seems on this day has fastened many Evils on Jason, and Jason deserved them (40). During the entire play of Medea, Euripides is advocating loyalty by displaying the dangers of uncontrollable betrayal. Through the use of elucidation of secondary characters, a vivid pathos, and clear logos Euripides demonstrates the consequences of one who lets their emotions interfere with their reasoning. He is able to presents that by chasing loyalty, one could never their eyes on the path of retribution. Technological Progress Essay | IT in the Last Decade Technological Progress Essay | IT in the Last Decade Some technological inventions have affected our life greatly for the past decades, especially computers. Its true that computers really provide us more convenient life. With computers, we can deal with many documents even faster, we can use computer to control machines to work, and we can also buy what we want through the Internet on computers. Nevertheless, computers also brought some bad effects to our life; here are some examples of the bad effects that computers have brought to us. One of the bad effects is the impact for art. There are more people tend to create art works by computers, for, those created by computers are neat and tidy. In my opinion, however, they are only squares, straight lines, and other boring things, which are supposed to be called art works. From art works, we can see what an artist wants to deliver to us; we can feel the passion, the eager or even the suffer just like what the artist felt from his/her work. For example, in Renoirs paintings, we can easily find the tenderness and his pity for people because he had given his spirits to his paintings. Even though computers can also make paintings in Renoirs style, we cant see any emotion or spirit in them at all since computers can only imitate rather than create. Another bad effect is that computers have brought much solitude into peoples life. For instance, there are more and more people would like to stay home using computers rather than going out to have interaction with people. This is because these people are poorly educated in a holistic manner. Thus, your viewpoint has caused some misunderstanding. Its not a good phenomenon, for everyone has to know how to get along with others; theres no one can live on his/her own. Whats more, we cant deny that, with the help of computers, we become lazier than we used to be. For example, many students tend to find information simply on the Internet instead of going to libraries for their homework, and if their teachers ask them to hand their homework in type form, the only thing they have to do is copy the information. Therefore, students wont get anything from their assignments. When it comes to technology, some people will lose the original treasure in human beings, like diligence and sociability. We cant rely on technology too much. After all, technology is used to help us. We should take advantage of technology instead of being taken advantage of by technology. References: Karsten Bjerring Olsen, 2006. Productivity Impacts of Offshoring and Outsourcing: A Review, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2006/1, OECD, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. Robert J. Barro Jong-Wha Lee, 2000. International Data on Educational Attainment Updates and Implications, NBER Working Papers 7911, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Other versions: Robert J. Barro Jong-Wha Lee, 2000. International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications, CID Working Papers 42, Center for International Development at Harvard University. Barro, Robert J Lee, Jong-Wha, 2001. International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications, Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 53(3), pages 541-63, July. Dale W. Jorgenson Khuong Vu, 2005. Information Technology and the World Economy, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 107(4), pages 631-650, December. Mary Amiti Shang-Jin Wei, 2005. Fear of service outsourcing: is it justified?, Economic Policy, CEPR, CES, MSH, vol. 20(42), pages 308-347, 04. Other versions: Mary Amiti Shang-Jin Wei, 2004. Fear of Service Outsourcing: Is it Justified?, IMF Working Papers 04/186, International Monetary Fund. Mary Amiti Shang-Jin Wei, 2004. Fear of Service Outsourcing: Is It Justified?, NBER Working Papers 10808, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Sà ©bastien Jean Giuseppe Nicoletti, 2002. Product Market Regulation and Wage Premia in Europe and North America: An Empirical Investigation, OECD Economics Department Working Papers 318, OECD, Economics Department. Dale W. Jorgenson Khuong Vu, 2005. Information technology and the world economy, Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Anne O. Krueger Andrew Berg, 2003. Trade, Growth, and Poverty: A Selective Survey, IMF Working Papers 03/30, International Monetary Fund. Gene M. Grossman Esteban Rossi-Hansberg, 2006. The rise of offshoring: its not wine for cloth anymore, Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, pages 59-102. Andrea Bassanini Romain Duval, 2006. Employment Patterns in OECD Countries: Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 35, OECD, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. Other versions: Andrea Bassanini Romain Duval, 2006. Employment Patterns in OECD Countries: Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions, OECD Economics Department Working Papers 486, OECD, Economics Department. Katz, Lawrence F. Autor, David H., 1999. Changes in the wage structure and earnings inequality, Handbook of Labor Economics, in: O. Ashenfelter D. Card (ed.), Handbook of Labor Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 26, pages 1463-1555 Elsevier. Olivier Blanchard, 1998. Revisiting European Unemployment: Unemployment, Capital Accumulation, and Factor Prices, NBER Working Papers 6566, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Other versions: Blanchard, Olivier, 1998. Revisiting European Unemployment : Unemployment, Capital Accumulation and Factor Prices, Research Series, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), number GL28. repec:rus:hseeco:123073 is not listed on IDEAS Douglas Gollin, 2002. Getting Income Shares Right, Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 110(2), pages 458-474, April. Other versions: Douglas Gollin, 2001. Getting Income Shares Right, Department of Economics Working Papers 192, Department of Economics, Williams College. Irina Tytell Shang-Jin Wei, 2004. Does Financial Globalization Induce Better Macroeconomic Policies?, IMF Working Papers 04/84, International Monetary Fund. J. Bradford Jensen Lori G. Kletzer, 2005. Tradable Services: Understanding the Scope and Impact of Services Outsourcing, Peterson Institute Working Paper Series WP05-9, Peterson Institute for International Economics. Slaughter, Matthew J., 2001. International trade and labor-demand elasticities, Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(1), pages 27-56, June. Young, Alwyn, 1995. The Tyranny of Numbers: Confronting the Statistical Realities of the East Asian Growth Experience, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 110(3), pages 641-80, August. Fajnzylber, Pablo Lederman, Daniel, 1999. Economic reforms and total factor productivity growth in Latin America and the Caribbean (1950-95) an empirical note, Policy Research Working Paper Series 2114, The World Bank.

The Problem of Sustainability Essay -- essays research papers

In this chapter the author David Orr explains the causes of our unfortunate condition from the social confining situation to those that are inevitable part of human condition. As the author looks into the future three crises will be imminent: the food crisis as result of worldwide soil losses and rapidly expands of population, The cheap energy, the race between the fossil fuels and the solar energy, and the climate change. This has to do with the limits of the natural resource. Besides these crises the writer mentions the crisis of the spiritual resources. Human need a new vision of the link them to the planet in a more life-centered. The crisis as a social trap is part of lucid behavior in situation typified by multiple but conflicting rewards. The rewards are short terms but the costs are long term and paid by all. One of the solutions that will deter the human to get into those traps will be if the costs are paid up front as part of the purchase price. Effort to build a sustainable society on assumption human rationality must be regarded as partial solution. Recognition of these social traps and making policies to avoid them will help in building sustainable society. The crisis as consequence of the economic growth has to do with the propensity of all industrial society to grow beyond the limits of the natural systems. Human use 40 percent of the net productivity of the ecosystem on the planet, changing the was the climate, exterminating species, and toxifying ecosys...